Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a common type of energy harvester, generate alternating current-based, irregular short pulses, posing a challenge for storing the generated electrical energy in energy storage systems that typically operate with direct current (DC)-based. . Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a common type of energy harvester, generate alternating current-based, irregular short pulses, posing a challenge for storing the generated electrical energy in energy storage systems that typically operate with direct current (DC)-based. . A system-level strategy is presented to achieve high charging efficiency in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-supercapacitor (SC) hybrid devices, with a focus on frequency response design. This study reveals that the high-frequency characteristics of SCs and the prolonged output pulse duration of. . Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as efficient mechanical-energy harvesters with advantages—simple architectures, broad material compatibility, low cost, and strong environmental tolerance—positioning them as key enablers of self-powered systems.
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