This review discusses the role of energy storage in the energy transition and the blue economy, focusing on technological development, challenges, and directions. Effective storage is vital for balancing intermittent renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and marine. . In recent years, improvements in energy storage technology, cost reduction, and the increasing imbalance between power grid supply and demand, along with new incentive policies, have highlighted the benefits of battery energy storage systems. In this study we have evaluated the role of LDES in decarbonized electricity systems and identified the cost and efficiency performance neces-sary for LDES to substantially reduce. .
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