Overall, the current review paper summarizes the up-to-date research and industrial efforts in the development of cold thermal energy storage technology and compiles in a single document various available materials, numerical and experimental works, and existing applications of cold thermal energy storage systems designed for sub-zero temperatures.
Hence, even if many references of materials and methods for storing cold energy can be found at low temperatures, we detected the need for a comprehensive updated paper that synthesizes the information available on materials, technologies, and applications progress in the field for sub-zero, especially extremely low temperatures.
The design of these types of thermal energy storage (TES) systems is mostly similar to the ones used for higher temperature ranges. However, some specific requirements need to be taken into account at sub-zero temperatures, like volume change control and mechanical properties of the containment.
Sensible thermal energy storage materials store thermal energy (heat or cold) based on a temperature change.
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