Specifically, with every 1°C increase in temperature, the conversion efficiency decreases by 0.4 % to 0.65 %, leading to potential losses in high-temperature environments, , , , . To improve efficiency, appropriate cooling technology should be used for practical applications of PV panels.
For monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon made of PV panels, high-temperature conditions will lead to a fill factor decline of 0.1 %-0.2 %, ultimately leading to a decline in the power generation capacity of 0.4 %-0.5 % , .
Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrates excellent thermal stability after 100 heating–cooling cycles and exhibits good compression-resilience properties at both 25 °C and 40 °C. The study also evaluates the cooling effect of the composite material on PV panels, showing a significant reduction in panel temperature and promising application prospects.
This is due to the excellent flexibility of the hydrogel composite, which allows it to fit tightly to the back of the PV panel, reducing the contact thermal resistance and maintaining a certain degree of shape stability during the warming process.
Inorganic phase change materials offer advantages such as a high latent heat of phase change, excellent temperature control performance, and non-flammability, making them highly
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