Distributed energy resource (DER) systems are small-scale power generation or storage technologies (typically in the range of 1 kW to 10,000 kW) [25] used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. . Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG), [1] or district/decentralized energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid -connected or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER). DERs can improve energy reliability and resilience by decentralizing the grid. These small-scale, decentralized energy systems help increase grid resilience, lower energy costs, and promote the adoption of renewable energy. DER can be connected to electric grids or isolated, with energy flowing only to specific sites or functions.
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